On 3/17/2022 1:40 PM, Will Martin wrote:
Totally in agreement with SuStel. There’s a reason Klingon grammarians prefer the word “adverbials” instead of “adverbs”.
Weeeeeeellllll, actually, Klingon grammarians call them *qunI',* and don't distinguish between /adverbs/ and /adverbials,/ because those are English words and they do Klingon linguistics in Klingon.
In English, and adverb typically modifies a verb or an adjective "aword or phrase that modifies or qualifies an adjective, verb, or other adverb or a word group”.
Weeeeeeellllll, actually, adverbs are a part of speech and single words, while adverbials are phrases that act like adverbs. Strictly speaking, the *QongDaqDaq* in *QongDaqDaq Qotbe' tlhInganpu'* is an adverbial in the sense that it modifies the way the action is performed. But we already have a set of words we call adverbials, so there's no point confusing the terminology that way.
Okrand used the word “adverb” because he was writing for a general audience, including people not as familiar with the word “adverbial” as with “adverb”.
I think Okrand called them adverbials instead of adverbs because he made the point that Klingon linguists only recognize three parts of speech: nouns, verbs, and leftovers. Since a word like *pIj* has the part of speech of "leftover," not "adverb," but it acts like an adverb, he called it an adverbial: a word that isn't an adverb but is acting like one. -- SuStel http://trimboli.name