Hi there, after there was some confusion on whether the new word {qaw'} meant "tip over" (90°) or "flip over" (180°), Maltz clarified this, and even told us a new word for more clarification. This message is archived at qepHom.de: http://www.qephom.de/e/message_from_maltz_200604.html and in the Klingon Language wiki: http://klingon.wiki/Word/Kaw- -----begin quote -------- After I explained to Maltz what you'd said about flipping and tipping, he said that we should say that {qaw'} means "tip over" and {qaw'moH} means "tip over, knock over, knock down." You'd use {qaw'} if the object tipped over on its own accord or seemingly on its own accord (even if there is a known cause). If you lose your balance, you may {qaw'} (in English, in this situation, you'd probably say "fall" or "fall down" or "fall over" rather than "tip over," but it's the same sort of action). Without remediation, the Leaning Tower of Pisa might {qaw'} one day. A few years ago, we had an earthquake here. I wasn't home at the time, so I didn't know what kind of damage (if any) to expect when I got home. It turns out, almost everything was fine! Only one little statue {qaw'}ed. So what the rebels do is {qaw'moH} the cars (like some folks are doing in the US right now). For flip all the way over, it's a little more complicated. {yoy} means "be upside-down" {yoymoH} is fine for "flip (all the way) over" But if something flipped all the way over on its own accord or seemingly on its own accord (parallel to {qaw'}), that would be {tach} "turn over." You'd be more likely to use {tachmoH} than {yoymoH} when moving someone from a prone to a supine position. And you'd be more likely to use {yoymoH} than {tachmoH} when flipping over hamburgers or pancakes. On the other hand, either would be fine for flipping over cards, with {yoymoH} implying a quicker or crisper action. I can imagine in a Kalibo show, there might be an opportunity to use {tach} without the {-moH}! -----end quote ---------- -- Lieven L. Litaer aka the "Klingon Teacher from Germany" http://www.tlhInganHol.com http://klingon.wiki/En/Hamletmachine