On 12/3/2016 1:37 PM, mayqel qunenoS wrote:
suppose I want to say: "this world, this life, I hate them". there are two ways to proceed:
{qo'vam yInvam je vImuS} {qo'vam yInvam vImuS}
I am wondering whether the {je} is necessary, thus making the second sentence wrong.
I understand that perhaps at the second sentence one could get the meaning that "I hate this life", and being left to wonder what's the story with the {qo'vam}. but I think that context would clarify that.
or perhaps without the {je}, someone could read "I hate this life of this world". but again, would this possible ambiguity be the problem, or is there some grammar reason because of which I should use the {je} ?
perhaps I want this ambiguity, perhaps I find the feeling of this sentence to be better without the {je}..
so, all I want to know is "is the {je} necessary" ? is there some grammar reason because of which it is necessary ?
Your English original isn't "I hate this world, this life"; instead, the object of "I hate" is "them," referring to the topics you named before. To get the same effect in Klingon, use *-'e'*: *qo'vam'e' yInvam'e' je vImuS* Here I've made the two topics the object of the verb (but see below), in which case I definitely need to use a conjunction. There's another way to say this: *qo'vam'e' yInvam'e' [je?] bIH vImuS* In this case, the topic words are living in the same space that locations and indirect objects live, and aren't the object of the verb (which is *bIH*). It's unclear whether words of the same syntactic type (in this case, topics) need to be conjoined. But watch this: since I can elide the *bIH,* the sentence can look like this: *qo'vam'e' yInvam'e' [je?] vImuS* Now we see it's actually impossible to tell whether the topic words are objects of the verb or non-objects living in the "header" space. /If/ the *je* is not required on like "header" words then lacking the *je* would force the "header" interpretation. So the answer to your question, "is the *je* necessary?" is maybe. *qo' yIn je DamuSchugh bIghIQnISba'.* -- SuStel http://trimboli.name