Something which during the 14 months I've been on this list, only once someone has mentioned is this: the {-nIS}, expresses "need"; it isn't equivalent with the english "must". if I write {jIQongnIS}, then this means "I need to sleep". I need to sleep because I am exhausted. Similarly {jISopnIS}, is "I need to eat"; I *need* to eat, because I'm starving. But what if I want to express "must" ? The must doesn't necessarily express "need". Mainly it expresses "obligation". Mainly it expresses "necessity". So, I thought that perhaps in order to express the "must", we could use the {'ut}. Example: "because you're a bad cat, I must tickle you" {vIghro' mIgh SoHmo' vIqotlh. 'ut.} However there is a problem. In the above example, while the english sentence describes a necessity to perform an action in the future (near or not so near), the klingon one doesn't. It says "because you're a bad cat I tickle you. it is necessary". So, in order to get the job done, we only need to place a {tugh} in the beginning, or any other appropriate time stamp and we're good to go. Perhaps by the appropriate context, and a well placed {'ut}, or maybe even {potlh}, or maybe even {net pIHbej}, or even better {net poQbej}, or even way better {jIHvaD net poQbej} we can express the "must", without falling into the trap of using {-nIS}. 'ach chaq jImuj. jIQongnISmo' jIQubchu'laHbe'. Do', muloStaH QongDaqwIj tun.. qunnoH ghoghwIj HablI'vo' vIngeHta'