On 11/20/2020 10:26 AM, André Müller wrote:
/Discord/-Daq *«-'e'»* mojaq wIrIchtaHvIS lo'meyDaj vIbuS. qen QIj SuStel 'ej meqqu'mo' ghaH, De'wI'wIjDaq mojaqvam QIjbogh ghItlh'e' vIpol. 'ach DaH SuStel latlhpu' joq vIghelnIS. mu'tlheghDaq *«'oH, ghaH, bIH, chaH»* lo'lu'chugh SeSorDaq *«-'e'»* chelnISlu' net Sov. ghantoH: *«Ha'DIbaH 'oH vIghro''e'.»* qay'be'. ghellu'chugh jaSHa' chelnISlu'. ghantoH: *«nuq 'oH vIghro''e'?»* qay'be' je. 'ach reH mu'tlheghmeyvetlhDaq _De' ngo'_Daq ngam mojaqvam, qar'a'? not De' ngo''e' 'oS ghelbogh mu' (*«'Iv, nuq»*), qar'a'? vaj tlhIngan Hol pabHa' bIvlaw' mu'tlheghvam: *«Ha'DIbaH 'oH nuq'e'?»* 'ach /«Hov leng: maQmIgh»/ (STID) HaStamuchDaq Qoy'lu': *«DevwI' ghaH 'Iv'e'?»* ‘Who is the leader?’ — vaj latlh lo' ghaj'a' mojaqvam?
_Short version in English:_ In /be/-sentences *-'e'* marks the subject, which SuStel explained as one of the TOPIC uses of the suffix. Topic means that it marks old information, so I concluded logically that question words like *nuq* and *'Iv* cannot be marked by *-'e'*. But there is a sentence in STID, *«DevwI' ghaH 'Iv'e'?»* ‘Who is the leader?’ Is the usage of *-'e'* in /be/-sentences a different (fourth) usage that is neither topic, focus, nor head-marking in a relative clause? Or is it perhaps focus just in this one example after all? Or can we dismiss it saying that Uhura's Klingon isn't quite perfect and native-like and she made a mistake here (I believe she said this sentence)?
There's also *Sojvetlh 'oH nuq'e'* in /Power Klingon./ *'Iv* and *nuq* are pronouns that stand in for the answer. If the answer is *DevwI' ghaH Qugh'e'*/Kruge is the leader,/ then the question of the leader's identity is *DevwI' ghaH 'Iv'e'?* Don't worry about the required topic marker in the question version; it's just there because it's required in the answer. -- SuStel http://trimboli.name