Maltz is not a chemist, and he said he's a bit overwhelmed by the periodic table. But I'll try to coax a few more elements out of him.

’otlh poH Planck time
’otlhQeD quantum physics
’otlhtej quantum physicist
julSIp helium
ghav carbon
no’negh sulfur
’uSqan iron (element)
Sorpuq copper
SIrlIy silver
qol’om gold
ngIDvoS lead (element)
HeySel atom
’o’rIS molecule
tamler element (in chemistry)

yugh include, consist of, be composed of (but also the slang term ’uch)

Besides what Lieven posted, there were also a few other things scattered about in the booklet.

{pe'vIl Supaw'jaj!} A Klingon greeting apparently for welcoming a group to an event.

New idiom: {wa'maH wej}

Example:
{qatlh Suvbe' chaH?} "Why aren't they fighting?"
{wa'maH wej.} "It's complicated." (idiom based on the old counting system)

{wa' wa' wa'} similar to {wa'maH wej}

{'otlhQeD} quantum mechanics, quantum theory
{'otlhtej} (the corresponding scientist, someone who studies quantum mechanics)