1) IIUC the generally expected way to express that noun Y is in/on/at noun X is {(X)Daq 'oHtaH (Y)'e'}. How acceptable or unacceptable is it to abbreviate this to {(X)Daq (Y)}?
I would accept it as clipped Klingon, but not as formally grammatical Klingon.
2) Would {(X) (Y) law' Hoch latlhmey (Y) puS} mean that X is more Y than all other Xes, or that X is more Y than all other things, not limited to other Xes? I’m trying to express the former meaning without having to do {(X) (Y) law' Hoch (X)mey (Y) puS} every time, partly because being able to use {latlh} in every verse strengthens the formula, and partly because it’s already slightly awkward to accommodate different syllable counts for the different X items that appear in the verses.
More than all others is just another way to say most, and that's the superlative construction.
HoD Dun law' Hoch Dun puS.
The captain is the greatest.
If you want to put the superlative in context, you can model a line from Star Trek V and get:
SuvwI''e' HoD Dun law' Hoch Dun puS.
The captain is the greatest warrior.
As for warriors, the captain is the greatest.
Or you can just rely on context to make the superlative clear:
Dun Hoch SuvwI'pu' 'ach le'bej HoDma'. Devchu'. baHDI' not
baHHa'. tlheDnISchugh reH pe'vIl chegh. HoDma' Dun law' Hoch Dun
puS.
Technically speaking, I don't see anything wrong with saying HoD
Dun law' Hoch latlh SuvwI'pu' Dun puS The captain is
greater than all other warriors, but we're given rules for
the superative, and the alternative is more complicated to say, so
why not use what Okrand gave us?
-- SuStel http://trimboli.name