<div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><br></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Sat, 28 May 2022 at 03:18, Alan Anderson <<a href="mailto:qunchuy@alcaco.net" target="_blank">qunchuy@alcaco.net</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr">On Fri, May 27, 2022 at 7:02 PM SuStel <<a href="mailto:sustel@trimboli.name" target="_blank">sustel@trimboli.name</a>> wrote:<br></div><div class="gmail_quote"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
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<div>Saying something is arbitrary means there is no reason or pattern
to it; it's just based on whim or randomness. But these names are
not without reason or pattern and aren't based on whim or
randomness. They were named these things for reasons, and the
terms have a long linguistic development.</div></div></blockquote><div><br>There is no consistent pattern to the names of the lunar phases. There are (at least) two separate reasons for each of the names, but there doesn't appear to be a reason for which name is chosen. The choice of whether to describe them based on their instantaneous appearance or based on their phase (!) in the cycle does seem arbitrary. I'll continue to think of them as arbitrary until someone provides a description of the pattern for choosing those names, and/or a reason for calling a half-illuminated view a "quarter" while also calling a fully-illuminated view "full. <br></div></div></div>
</blockquote></div><div><br></div>The lunar phases were not all named at once, but at different points in history. In many languages, the word for "month" is the same as or related to the word for "moon". People obviously observed very early on that the moon goes completely dark on a regular basis and that this could be used to track time. A "new moon" is just a "new month" on lunar calendars<div><br></div><div>Bringing this to the Klingon language, there's no reason for Klingons to call a perfectly hidden moon a "new moon", because their word for moon, {maS}, appears to have nothing to do with their word for month, {jar}. (But their words for month and day, {jar} and {jaj}, seem to be related somehow.) We don't know how Klingon months correspond to lunar phases on {Qo'noS} (do we?), but when the new month starts it would be {chu'DI' jar} if anything, and not {chu'DI' maS}.</div><div><br></div><div>The next two lunar phases to be noticed are when the moon is completely lit up, or a "full moon", and (probably because it follows the new moon) the "crescent moon". If you ask a child (or probably almost anyone who's not a scientist or an artist) to draw you the moon, you're going to get either a circle or a crescent. Nobody ever draws a gibbous moon or a semicircular moon or a new moon except under special circumstances. </div><div><br></div><div>Then people who studied the moon's cycles more closely (astronomers, but probably actually astrologers) had to give names to the remaining lunar phases. They would've noticed that the lunar phases are symmetric, so there are actually two kinds of "crescent moon", so then they'd invent terms like "waxing" and "waning". In English, the opposite of a "crescent moon" is a "gibbous moon", a word that nobody uses outside of astronomy, but you have to give it some kind of name, right? (I suppose they could've been called the "three-eighths moon" and "five-eighths moon", but those sound ugly, and it seems more symmetric to call them "waxing" and "waning" something.) Then you're left with the first-quarter moon and the third-quarter moon, so why not just call them that? Some cultures do in fact call those phases the equivalent of "waxing half-moon" and "waning half-moon" (e.g., as Lieven pointed out, German does). </div><div><br></div><div>So it's not completely arbitrary, though some parts of it are. The expressions "new moon" ("new month") and "full moon" are universal to every culture that's ever used the moon to keep track of the passage of time or looked up at the night sky. Then the "crescent moon" is named for its shape (but whether it's a "sickle" [Sichel in German] or an "eyebrow" [眉 in Chinese] or something else is arbitrary). Then it really breaks down and depends on the culture. In German, for example, the quarters are associated with the middle of the quarter rather than the end as in English. So for example in German, the "erstes Viertel" (first quarter) moon is another name for "zunehmende Sichel" (increasing sickle, i.e., waxing crescent), the "zweites Viertel" (second quarter) moon is what English calls "waxing gibbous", the "drittes Viertel" (third quarter) moon is "waning gibbous", and the "letztes Viertel" (last quarter) moon is "abnehmende Sichel" (decreasing sickle, i.e., waning crescent). What would be called the "first-" and "third-quarter" moons in English are "zunehmender Halbmond" and "abnehmender Halbmond" in German. (By coincidence, in the German system you do see one quarter of the moon in the first quarter and three quarters in the third quarter. But you also see three quarters in the second quarter and one quarter in the last (or fourth) quarter, so it's not based on appearance.)</div><div><br></div><div>Anyway, what's interesting about this is that Klingons apparently have a very different history of lunar astronomy than does Earth, because their way of describing lunar phases is based completely on appearance, and yet the word for "moon" is not related to the word for "month". </div><div><br></div>-- <br><div dir="ltr">De'vID</div></div>