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<div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 3/17/2022 1:40 PM, Will Martin
wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite"
cite="mid:AFD24ACA-1E7F-42B2-A19F-7F5ED57AE759@mac.com">
<div class="">Totally in agreement with SuStel. There’s a reason
Klingon grammarians prefer the word “adverbials” instead of
“adverbs”.</div>
</blockquote>
<p>Weeeeeeellllll, actually, Klingon grammarians call them <b>qunI',</b>
and don't distinguish between <i>adverbs</i> and <i>adverbials,</i>
because those are English words and they do Klingon linguistics in
Klingon.<br>
</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<blockquote type="cite"
cite="mid:AFD24ACA-1E7F-42B2-A19F-7F5ED57AE759@mac.com">
<div class=""> In English, and adverb typically modifies a verb or
an adjective "<span apple_mouseover_highlight="1"
style="font-family: -apple-system; font-size:
13.4399995803833px;" class="">a</span><span
style="font-family: -apple-system; font-size:
13.4399995803833px;" class=""> </span><span
apple_mouseover_highlight="1" style="font-family:
-apple-system; font-size: 13.4399995803833px;" class="">word</span><span
style="font-family: -apple-system; font-size:
13.4399995803833px;" class=""> or phrase that modifies or
qualifies an adjective, verb, or other </span><span
apple_mouseover_highlight="1" style="font-family:
-apple-system; font-size: 13.4399995803833px;" class="">adverb</span><font
class="" size="2" face="-apple-system"> or a word group”.</font></div>
</blockquote>
<p>Weeeeeeellllll, actually, adverbs are a part of speech and single
words, while adverbials are phrases that act like adverbs.<br>
</p>
<p>Strictly speaking, the <b>QongDaqDaq</b> in <b>QongDaqDaq
Qotbe' tlhInganpu'</b> is an adverbial in the sense that it
modifies the way the action is performed. But we already have a
set of words we call adverbials, so there's no point confusing the
terminology that way.<br>
</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<blockquote type="cite"
cite="mid:AFD24ACA-1E7F-42B2-A19F-7F5ED57AE759@mac.com">
<div class="">Okrand used the word “adverb” because he was writing
for a general audience, including people not as familiar with
the word “adverbial” as with “adverb”.</div>
</blockquote>
<p>I think Okrand called them adverbials instead of adverbs because
he made the point that Klingon linguists only recognize three
parts of speech: nouns, verbs, and leftovers. Since a word like <b>pIj</b>
has the part of speech of "leftover," not "adverb," but it acts
like an adverb, he called it an adverbial: a word that isn't an
adverb but is acting like one.</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
SuStel
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://trimboli.name">http://trimboli.name</a></pre>
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