<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
</head>
<body>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 2/28/2022 12:41 PM,
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:luis.chaparro@web.de">luis.chaparro@web.de</a> wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite"
cite="mid:trinity-a004dfe8-e9f3-4c07-a74d-689306c90fa6-1646070067699@3c-app-webde-bs57">
<pre class="moz-quote-pre" wrap="">SuStel:
</pre>
<blockquote type="cite">
<pre class="moz-quote-pre" wrap="">wa'leS rep wa'maH loS jISoppu'; ghIq juH vIjaHpu' means that I'm looking forward to tomorrow, where there will be a point at which I can look back at 2 pm and see that that's when I ate and then subsequently went home. In English, this is only expressed with the future perfect: Tomorrow at 2 pm I will have eaten, and then I will have gone home.
</pre>
</blockquote>
<pre class="moz-quote-pre" wrap="">
I understand it. I was just wondering if there could be another interpretation beyond English grammar, since Klingon doesn't express perfect, but it does express perfective. So I was thinking maybe it could be possible to interpret it *also* as a future counterpart of *I ate at 2 p.m. and then I went home*, with the same aspectual implications but in the future (actions considered as a completed whole, not expressing its internal structure and not being perfect). (Although it's not exactly the same, I was led to these questions because Future Simple in Spanish is said by some linguists to be able to express imperfective and perfective aspects, depending on the situation). But if you say that's not the case in Klingon, then my question is answered.</pre>
</blockquote>
<p>I think you misunderstand. The Klingon version set in the future
is also a completed whole with no internal structure. <b>wa'leS
rep wa'maH loS jISoppu'</b><i> Tomorrow I will have eaten at 2
pm</i> is describing the eating as a completed whole and is not
describing its flow over time. In English, this can only be
expressed with the future perfect, but that says nothing about how
it's expressed in Klingon. There is no formula that says "This
tense in English turns into this aspect in Klingon."</p>
<p>The Klingon sentence verb <b>jISoppu'</b><i> </i>refers to an
act of eating that is completed and does not have its flow over
time detailed, whether the act takes place in the past, present,
or future. In English, we can express <b>jISoppu'</b> in the past
as <i>I ate</i><i>, I have eaten, </i>or <i>I had eaten,</i>
depending on whether and when the status of having eaten is
important; in the present as <i>I have eaten;</i> and in the
future as <i>I will have eaten.</i></p>
<p><b>wa'Hu' jISoppu'</b><br>
Yesterday, there was a point at which my eating occurred. I'm not
saying anything about how it proceeded, just that it did proceed.</p>
<p><b>DaH jISoppu'<br>
</b>As of now, my eating is complete. It has just ended. I'm still
not saying anything about how it proceeded, just that it did
proceed.</p>
<p><b>wa'leS jISoppu'<br>
</b>Tomorrow, there will be a point at which my eating has just
occurred and is completed. I'm still not saying anything about how
it proceeded, just that it did proceed.</p>
<p><b>wa'Hu' jISop<br>
</b>Yesterday, there was a point during which I was eating. I'm
describing that moment. I'm not saying that it went on or that it
was finished, just that it occurred.</p>
<p><b>DaH jISop<br>
</b>Right now, my activity is eating. I'm not saying that it will
go on or that it has been or will be completed, just that that's
my current activity.</p>
<p><b>wa'leS jISop<br>
</b>Tomorrow, there will be a point during which I will be eating.
I'm describing that moment. I'm not saying that will go on or that
it will be or will have been completed, just that it will occur.<br>
</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
SuStel
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://trimboli.name">http://trimboli.name</a></pre>
</body>
</html>