<div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><br></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Thu, 11 Nov 2021 at 11:51, Lieven L. Litaer <<a href="mailto:levinius@gmx.de">levinius@gmx.de</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">Am 09.11.2021 um 18:04 schrieb Will Martin:<br>
> It’s also strange that it’s forbidden to use a Type 7 suffix on the<br>
> second verb of a Sentence As Object construction (a ban created by<br>
> Okrand to cover a time when he forgot to use one)<br>
<br>
IIRC, it was not his fault. I believe that this rule originated in the<br>
incorrectly translated line {qama'pu' jonta' neH}, which one would have<br>
instinctly translated as {qama'pu' vIjon vIneHta'} [sic], but as the<br>
line was used already, Okrand had to adapt the grammar.<br>
<br>
This line also produced the rule that {neH} does not use {'e'}.<br>
</blockquote></div><div><br></div>Everyone needs to get the story straight. Okrand did not forget to use a type-7 suffix. The line was not incorrectly translated, but repurposed (i.e., retconned) after it had already been filmed.<div><br></div><div>Originally, {qama'pu' jonta' neH} was supposed to mean "I told you, engines only". They decided to use the filmed scene for a line where Kruge instead says "I wanted prisoners." Okrand had to retroactively make that sentence have that meaning, and did so by:</div><div>- creating the plural suffix {-pu'} for people (originally a verb suffix only, intended to indicate past tense, which was also changed to indicate aspect)</div><div>- making {qama'} mean prisoner (and changing {ma'} to mean "accommodate", as an inside joke; adding {ja'} to replace the original meaning of {ma'}) </div><div><div>- splitting the original word for "engine" into the verb {jon} "capture" and the suffix {-ta'} (and also make up a new word for engine, {QuQ})</div><div>- turning {neH}, which was originally only an adverbial, into a verb meaning "want" (which is an exception to rule to use {'e'} for SAO)</div><div>- inventing Clipped Klingon to explain away the weird grammar</div><div><br></div><div>I think this is literally the most consequential sentence in the development of the Klingon language. When one considers the backstory behind its creation, then it's obvious that Okrand made the rule forbidding type 7 suffixes on the second verb of an SAO quite deliberately. He could've said that a type-7 suffix was dropped in this sentence because it's in Clipped Klingon, because he had *already* explained away the other oddities about that sentence that way. </div><div><br></div><div>Here is the relevant rule from TKD 6.2.5:</div><div><Note that the verb in [{yaS qIppu' 'e' vIlegh}], {vIlegh} "I see it", is neutral as to time. The past tense of the translation "(I saw...)" comes from the verb in the first sentence, {qIppu'} "he/she hit him/her" ({-pu'} perfective). In complex sentences of this type, the second verb never takes an aspect suffix (section 4.2.7).><br></div><div><br></div><div>You can see some traces that {-pu'} was originally meant to indicate past tense. The idea here seems to be that in a SAO construction, the entire thing has one tense (now aspect), and it's carried by a marker on the first verb. That is, in {qama'pu' vIjonta' vIneH}, the entire action of wanting-to-capture is in the past (or is completed). The rule is similar to how you don't change the tense of the second verb in the corresponding English construction: "I wanted to capture prisoners" but not "I want to captured prisoners". (Since English is SVO and Klingon is OVS, the "second" verb ends up being the *other* verb.)</div><div><br></div><div>Maybe as an English- (or German-) speaker, the translated line would've made more sense as *{qama'pu' vIjon vIneHta'}, but in any case, the rule that type-7 suffixes are allowed only on *one* of the verbs (and disallowed on the other) is perfectly sensible. Okrand himself has forgotten the rule and has written {DevwI' moj ghawran 'e' wuqta'} (should've been {DevwI' mojta' ghawran 'e' wuq}) and {patlh luDub 'e' reH lunIDtaH} (should've been {patlh luDubtaH reH 'e' lunID}, as the {reH} also seems to be misplaced) on SkyBox cards 25 and 26. But I don't think there's an example of an SAO with type-7 markers on *both* verbs, which is what I think the spirit of the rule is intended to disallow.</div><div><br></div>-- <br><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature">De'vID</div></div></div>