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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Since Luis is wondering about {Sum}, here’s a Q & A between Marc Okrand (MO) and Will Martin (WM) from HolQeD (Dec. 1998: pp. 9-10) :<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><br>
MO: Using the verbs {Sum} and {Hop} involves this concept [of deixis]. <br>
WM: So I could not say {raSvam vISum} to say, “I am near the table”.<br>
MO: No. You'd just say {Sum raS}. The verb {Sum} implies that the speaker is the one the subject is near at the time of speaking. {Hop jabwI'}. “The waiter is far from me right now. “<br>
WM: Well, that resolves the conflict otherwise created if they could take objects. It keeps them stative, so you can say, {HIvje' Sum yItlhap}.<br>
MO: Yes.<br>
WM: Otherwise, they'd be the only verbs we'd sometimes use as adjectives and other times use transitively.<br>
MO: Take an object. Yes.<br>
WM: So, could that deictic anchor be shifted by using an indirect object? Like if I wanted to say, “You are near the table”, could I say {SoHvaD Sum raS}?
<br>
MO: No. You'd use {-Daq}: {SoHDaq Sum raS}. This throws the orientation away from the speaker (unmarked, unstated) and to the listener (marked, stated: "at you, where you are"). But you don't always need to state this overtly. Context is critical.
For example: {qagh largh SuvwI' ghung. Sum qagh 'e' Sov.} “The hungry warrior smells the gagh. He/she knows the gagh is nearby.” The only interpretation of this (absent other information) is that the warrior knows the gagh is near the warrior, not the warrior
knows the gagh is near the speaker of the sentences. If context isn't clear, you can clarify:
<br>
Question: Sum'a' raS? Is the table near (me)? (Am I near the table?)
<br>
Answer: HIja'. Sum raS. Yes. The table is near (you).
<br>
Answer: ghobe'. jIHDaq Sum raS. No. The table is near me.
<br>
WM: And could I say {maSumchuq}? <br>
MO: No. You'd just say {bISum} or {SuSum}. If you haven't, in the course of the conversation, set things up otherwise, it's assumed that the event being talked about is taking place where the speaker is. In fact, {jISum} alone probably would make no everyday
sense to a Klingon. “I am near me.” But it does have an idiomatic philosophical sense, something like “I'm in touch with my inner self” (but in a Klingon sort of way, of course).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><br>
Here’s another note from Okrand:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">(qurgh < MO, qep’a’ 2017): [{Hay} “area beyond” is] normally used with a point of reference: beyond X. When asked about “area nearby” Maltz wasn’t sure what
was being asked and said to make use of the verb {Sum} “be nearby”.<br>
<br>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Here are more examples of {Sum}:<br>
<br>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"> Sum Daqmeyvam, tera'ngan
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"> These places are nearby, Terran. (CK)<br>
<br>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"> SumchoH mangghom 'Iw largh
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"> The army closes in, smelling blood. (PB)<br>
<br>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"> Daq SumHa'vo' wab Huj Qoylu'
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"> Strange sounds come from afar (PB)<br>
<br>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"> pIvghor yIchu' 'ej Duj Sumqu' yIjaH
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"> Warp to the nearest vessel. (MKE)<br>
<br>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"> pIvghor yIchu' 'ej HoSHal Sumqu' yIjaH
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"> Advance to the nearest energy source. (MKE)<br>
<br>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"> yuQ SumDaq cha'puj law' Datu'
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"> Detect large sums of dilithium on nearby planet. (MKE)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">And finally, there’s a near synonym {Daq HopHa’} “[a place] not far away” from the paq’batlh :
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"> Daq HopHa’Daq qa’chaj nejlI’ qotar Qempa’QeH je
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"> Not far away, Kotar and his Qempa'keh, are in search for their souls. (PB)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><br>
--<br>
Voragh<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">________________________________________________________________<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> SuStel<br>
<br>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">On 7/23/2021 3:08 PM, <a href="mailto:luis.chaparro@web.de">
luis.chaparro@web.de</a> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p>
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<blockquote style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
<pre>I don't want to bother you, but in my last post I also asked about how to say <span class="moz-txt-tag"><b>*</b></span><b>from Africa, Europe also seems to be near<span class="moz-txt-tag">*</span></b>. Since you haven't say anything about that, does it mean that my original sentence (*'avrI'qa'vo' Sumlaw' je 'ewrop*) was right?<o:p></o:p></pre>
</blockquote>
<p>To say <i>from X, Y is near,</i> you say <b>XDaq Sum Y.</b> It can be interpreted literally: at location X, Y is nearby.<o:p></o:p></p>
<pre>--<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>SuStel<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__http:/trimboli.name__;!!BpyFHLRN4TMTrA!vVQgrhr5U-pjCNZ9_8FpjDUqiDMkxgApnv9QiSFu4WZj3ORM8cHcf9GTPe6NZhpBj8s$">http://trimboli.name</a><o:p></o:p></pre>
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