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<div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 5/27/2021 10:27 AM,
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:luis.chaparro@web.de">luis.chaparro@web.de</a> wrote:<br>
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<pre class="moz-quote-pre" wrap="">SuStel:
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<pre class="moz-quote-pre" wrap="">This was my first attempt, but then I was afraid it could be ambiguous (maybe the readers think Spain is no longer a member and they understand the *SepwIjvaD QaQqu' ghu'vam* as imperfective past). Although... maybe it was a little overly cautious, since context (e.g., the fact that I don't make a contrast between Spain being a member in the past and not being a member in the present) should make it clear. Unfortunately, I don't feel confident enough in Klingon yet to assess that accurately.
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<pre class="moz-quote-pre" wrap="">Klingon does not have a distinct imperfective. lochchoHpu' means loch be a member of, -choH change state (from not a member to a member) and -pu' the action (of changing state) is completed.
Klingon also doesn't mark verbs for tense, so lochchoHpu' might be equally true of the past or future: it became a constituent of; it will have become a constituent of. Your time expression (DIS 1986) tells you which it is.
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<pre class="moz-quote-pre" wrap="">I was actually referring to *SepwIjvaD QaQqu' ghu'vam*. I thought this sentence (*QaQqu'*) could be understood as imperfective if I don't say that Spain is still a member.</pre>
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<p>Yes, you could characterize it as imperfective, whether or not
you say Spain is still a member. The situation (of being a member,
whenever that was, is, or will be) equals good.<br>
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<pre class="moz-quote-pre" wrap="">Saying QaQ lochchoHghach The joining was good doesn't imply that membership continues to be good. It only refers to the time of the change of state, the -choH.
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<pre class="moz-quote-pre" wrap="">You can be more specific with a time expression. For instance, 'ewrop DIvI' muvpu'DI' 'eSpanya', QaQ ghu' As soon as Spain had joined the European Union, the situation was good. This doesn't say anything about the situation now.
But *QaQ lochchoHghach* can actually mean *The joining is / was (imperfective) / will be good*, right?
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<p>Yes, that's exactly how to characterize it. And <b>QaQpu'
lochchoHghach</b> would be <i>The joining was (perfective)/will
have been good.</i><br>
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<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
SuStel
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://trimboli.name">http://trimboli.name</a></pre>
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