<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div class="">This is stated for amusement purposes only, okay.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Context is always important.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Imagine an animal capable of communicating with you sufficiently to complain to you about the smell of the leftovers, expressing refusal to offer you eggs, milk, or whatever, unless you get rid of these leftovers in the animal’s containment area.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Now, read {Ha’DIbaHvaD chuvmey vIvo’.}</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">I’d probably be saying that to describe me propelling the leftovers AWAY FROM THE ANIMAL.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">{-vaD} tells you nothing about direction, unless direction is associated with grammatical benefit for the beneficiary. {-Daq} suggests direction without any reference to an indirect object. It’s simply a location associated with the action of propelling.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Of course, even then, you need some context to make it clear whether you are standing at the location, propelling something somewhere, or whether you are somewhere propelling something at the location. If you are thinking about {-Daq} contrasting with {-vo’}, you’d expect to be propelling something toward the locative reference, but it’s always valid to interpret the locative as describing the location that action is happening.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">That’s the problem with {-Daq}. It’s a location and it may or may not imply not a direction. {-vo’} is a location WITH a direction relative to that location.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">{-Daq} can suggest a target of an action or merely the location the action happens.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Usually, if an action is of a type that has an implied target, we interpret it as the target, but most actions don’t even have motion or direction, and those are generally expected to occur at the location of the locative, and you can’t be sure that an action that implies motion isn’t also something that is happening at the location of the locative, without context.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">And then you have {ghoS} and its ilk. {X-Daq Y vIghoS} means either you are at X headed for Y, or X is a medium of travel (like a river or a ship) in order to get to Y, or maybe even that Y is your destination, and you’ll get there via a path/course/heading that is more strongly associated with Y than X is, so you are saying something like “I’m headed to Vienna, VA on the Washington DC road.”</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">{X vIghoS} means “I’m moving along a path named by X.” That most commonly means X is the target of the path, but not necessarily. X could be some other point along the path, including the point you are starting from, or somewhere behind you.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">As always, the more context both people share, the less careful and explicit the choice of words needs to be.</div><br class=""><div class="">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; "><div class="">pItlh</div><div class="">lojmIt tI'wI'nuv</div><div class=""><br class=""></div></span><br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
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<div><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class="">On Feb 15, 2021, at 8:35 AM, SuStel <<a href="mailto:sustel@trimboli.name" class="">sustel@trimboli.name</a>> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div class=""><div class=""><blockquote type="cite" cite="mid:CAP7F2c+E2z+BOe39FnCxt4jaPb5FpTthzrzczJkxtwjyZUF=HA@mail.gmail.com" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class=""><div dir="auto" class=""><div dir="auto" class="">But would we use the {-vaD} too even if we threw the knife to him?</div><div dir="auto" class=""><br class=""></div><div dir="auto" class="">Ha'DIbaHvaD chuvmey vIvo'</div><div dir="auto" class="">I give the leftovers to the animal by throwing them to it</div></div></blockquote><p style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class="">You propel he leftovers, intending them to be received by the animal. That's a perfectly good use of the indirect object.</p></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div></blockquote></div><br class=""></body></html>