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<div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 11/20/2020 10:26 AM, André Müller
wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite"
cite="mid:CABDLMbWyyVdW=DR_u5LH8=5paMV82+XXFC19oyYeZ6tBE1HRzA@mail.gmail.com">
<div><i>Discord</i>-Daq <b>«-'e'»</b> mojaq wIrIchtaHvIS
lo'meyDaj vIbuS. qen QIj SuStel 'ej meqqu'mo' ghaH, De'wI'wIjDaq
mojaqvam QIjbogh ghItlh'e' vIpol. 'ach DaH SuStel latlhpu' joq
vIghelnIS.</div>
<div>mu'tlheghDaq <b>«'oH, ghaH, bIH, chaH»</b> lo'lu'chugh
SeSorDaq <b>«-'e'»</b> chelnISlu' net Sov. ghantoH: <b>«Ha'DIbaH
'oH vIghro''e'.»</b> qay'be'. ghellu'chugh jaSHa' chelnISlu'.
ghantoH: <b>«nuq 'oH vIghro''e'?»</b> qay'be' je.</div>
<div>'ach reH mu'tlheghmeyvetlhDaq <u>De' ngo'</u>Daq ngam
mojaqvam, qar'a'? not De' ngo''e' 'oS ghelbogh mu' (<b>«'Iv,
nuq»</b>), qar'a'? vaj tlhIngan Hol pabHa' bIvlaw'
mu'tlheghvam: <b>«Ha'DIbaH 'oH nuq'e'?»</b></div>
<div>'ach <i>«Hov leng: maQmIgh»</i> (STID) HaStamuchDaq Qoy'lu':
<b>«DevwI' ghaH 'Iv'e'?»</b> ‘Who is the leader?’ — vaj latlh
lo' ghaj'a' mojaqvam?</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div><u>Short version in English:</u><br>
</div>
<div>In <i>be</i>-sentences <b>-'e'</b> marks the subject, which
SuStel explained as one of the TOPIC uses of the suffix. Topic
means that it marks old information, so I concluded logically
that question words like <b>nuq</b> and <b>'Iv</b> cannot be
marked by <b>-'e'</b>. But there is a sentence in STID, <b>«DevwI'
ghaH 'Iv'e'?»</b> ‘Who is the leader?’ Is the usage of <b>-'e'</b>
in <i>be</i>-sentences a different (fourth) usage that is
neither topic, focus, nor head-marking in a relative clause? Or
is it perhaps focus just in this one example after all? Or can
we dismiss it saying that Uhura's Klingon isn't quite perfect
and native-like and she made a mistake here (I believe she said
this sentence)?</div>
</blockquote>
<p>There's also <b>Sojvetlh 'oH nuq'e'</b> in <i>Power Klingon.</i></p>
<p><b>'Iv</b> and <b>nuq</b> are pronouns that stand in for the
answer. If the answer is <b>DevwI' ghaH Qugh'e'</b><i> Kruge is
the leader,</i> then the question of the leader's identity is <b>DevwI'
ghaH 'Iv'e'?</b> Don't worry about the required topic marker in
the question version; it's just there because it's required in the
answer.<br>
</p>
<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
SuStel
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://trimboli.name">http://trimboli.name</a></pre>
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