<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div class="">I think you’ve just done a much better job of explaining “to be” in Klingon than TKD does.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Meanwhile, I’m trying to remember where Okrand made sentences that were consistently in the form:</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">{X-Daq <noun> <pronoun>-taH}</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">It seemed important to put {-taH} on the pronoun. So, why isn’t it {nIHDaq ‘oHtaH puchpa’’e’.}?</div><br class=""><div class="">
<div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;">charghwI’ vaghnerya’ngan<br class=""><br class="">rInpa’ bomnIS be’’a’ pI’.</div>
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<div><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class="">On Nov 20, 2020, at 5:01 PM, SuStel <<a href="mailto:sustel@trimboli.name" class="">sustel@trimboli.name</a>> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div class="">
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<div class="">
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 11/20/2020 4:55 PM, Will Martin
wrote:<br class="">
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<blockquote type="cite" cite="mid:F3A72879-2F94-445B-88F3-C1022622E749@mac.com" class="">
<div class="">I’ve always been curious as to why the sentence
wasn’t {nuqDaq puchpa’ ‘oHtaH?}</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">The answer would be to point down the hall and say
{nIHDaq puchpa’ ‘oHtaH} (sung to the tune of “Theeeere’s a
Bathroom, On The Right”, a.k.a. “There’s a Bad Moon On The
Rise”).</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">It seems weird to answer {nIHDaq ‘oH puchpa’’e’.}
It’s just different from all the other “to be” sentence
structures. It would be like saying {maH tlhIngan’e’} instead of
{tlhIngan maH.}</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">{nuqDaq} is not the thing that is synonymous with
bathroom. It’s the place the bathroom is being. We usually
handle that with {X-Daq ‘oHtaH.} We usually use {-‘e’} when we
have a pronoun between two nouns, neither of which is a
locative.</div>
</blockquote><p class="">When you use a copula sentence in Klingon, you're not saying the
two things are synonymous. You're saying there is a link between
them. The verbal suffixes on the pronoun and the syntactic
suffixes on the noun tell you what that link is.</p><p class=""><b class="">nIHDaq 'oH puchpa''e'<br class="">
</b><i class="">The bathroom is on the right.</i><b class=""><br class="">
</b>The link between <b class="">nIH</b> and <b class="">puchpa'</b> is that when
talking about the bathroom, its location is on the right.</p><p class=""><b class="">HoD ghaHvIp torgh'e'<br class="">
</b><i class="">Torg is afraid to be the captain.<br class="">
</i>The link between <b class="">HoD</b> and <b class="">torgh</b> is that when
talking about Torg, he is afraid of being the captain.</p><p class=""><b class="">jagh chaHbe' Human'e'<br class="">
</b><i class="">The humans are not enemies.<br class="">
</i>The link between <b class="">jagh</b> and <b class="">Human</b> is that when
talking about humans, they have a negative identification with
enemies.</p><p class="">Don't think of copula sentences as working like basic sentences,
with subject and objects and verbs. They follow their own
completely distinct grammar.<br class="">
</p>
<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
SuStel
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://trimboli.name/">http://trimboli.name</a></pre>
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