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<div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 10/11/2020 10:10 AM, Lieven L.
Litaer wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite"
cite="mid:2335346b-f968-7e27-206d-49e73d4f77a0@gmx.de"><br>
<<<
<br>
Pronouns may be used as nouns, but only for emphasis or added
clarity.
<br>
They are not required. Thus, the following sets of sentences are
all
<br>
grammatically correct.
<br>
<br>
{yaS vIlegh jIH} "I see the officers."
<br>
{yaS vIlegh}
<br>
>>>
<br>
<br>
Taking this literally, adding the suffix {-'e'} even adds more
emphasis.
<br>
It is used with the pronoun jIH, because it cannot be attached to
a verb.
</blockquote>
<p>The suffix <b>-'e'</b> does more than add even more emphasis. It
adds focus. It makes the noun to which it is attached exclusive.</p>
<p>Notice the examples in TKD (correcting for forgotten prefix):</p>
<p><b>jIlujpu' jIH</b><i> I have failed.<br>
</i><b>jIlujpu' jIH'e'</b><i> I, and only I, have failed.</i></p>
<p><b>De' vItlhapnISpu'</b><i> I needed to get the information.<br>
</i><b>De''e' vItlhapnISpu'</b><i> I needed to get the
INFORMATION. It was the information (and not something else)
that I needed.</i></p>
<p>Notice that <b>jIlujpu' jIH</b> does not exhibit any kind of
emphasis.</p>
<p>There are also examples of explicit pronouns in section 6.1:</p>
<p><b>puq vIlegh jIH</b><i> I see the child.<br>
</i><b>jIH mulegh puq</b><i> The child sees me.<br>
</i></p>
<p>Okrand goes on to say that explicit pronouns can "as here, be
used for emphasis." The emphasis of the above two sentences is
merely the emphasis of making it clear to the reader which pronoun
is the correct subject or object. There is no semantic
significance to including the pronouns on these sentences. <b>puq
vIlegh jIH</b><i> </i>doesn't mean <i>*I* see the child,</i>
with some kind of emphasis on the <i>I.</i> It means simply <i>I
see the child,</i> and I'm making it quite explicit what the
subject of the sentence is.</p>
<p>In other words, explicit pronouns don't MEAN anything special in
the sentence. They are just used when you want to be as clear as
possible. Maybe to disambiguate. Maybe because your audience isn't
very good at Klingon yet. Maybe because you're speaking very
slowly and carefully to get someone's attention.</p>
<p>In an interview with Lawrence Schoen in 1995, Lawrence pointed
out that Okrand's use of <b>-'e'</b> was focus, not topic,
despite what it says in TKD, and Okrand accepted this correction.
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://klingonska.org/canon/1995-06-holqed-04-2-a.txt">http://klingonska.org/canon/1995-06-holqed-04-2-a.txt</a><br>
</p>
<p>The trouble is just that Okrand used the vague word <i>emphasis</i>
for multiple different phenomena without explanation. The examples
given, however, make the difference clear. <b>-'e'</b> on a
subject or object give the noun grammatical focus. Plain explicit
pronouns only provide clarity without changing the meaning of the
sentence.<br>
</p>
<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
SuStel
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://trimboli.name">http://trimboli.name</a></pre>
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