<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div class="">One would think that by now, I’d have the perfective down.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">I’m not trying to argue here. I trust your understanding of the perfective and want your advice to steer me away from my thinking. I was starting with “Because I had been hungry, I ordered pizza.” The ordering was simple past, so not perfective. The hunger, within the time setting of ordering the pizza, was a level farther into the past.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">To some extent, both the ordering of the pizza and my hunger are now complete, since I ordered and ate the pizza.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Please clarify. I tend to renew my understanding of the perfective after your explanations and I thank you in advance.</div><br class=""><div class="">
<div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;">charghwI’ vaghnerya’ngan<br class=""><br class="">rInpa’ bomnIS be’’a’ pI’.</div>
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<div><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class="">On Oct 6, 2020, at 9:59 AM, SuStel <<a href="mailto:sustel@trimboli.name" class="">sustel@trimboli.name</a>> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div class="">
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<div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 10/6/2020 9:38 AM, mayqel qunen'oS
wrote:<br class="">
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<blockquote type="cite" cite="mid:CAP7F2cLXjkPP7TAmokbcWw+pFi1K+1Ex2-H0FOTTFCCp6UGPQg@mail.gmail.com" class="">
<pre class="moz-quote-pre" wrap="">{vaj} {meqvammo'} bopbogh vay''e' vIyajbe'.
vaj = so, then, thus, in that case
meqvammo' = because of this reason
jIjatlh vIneH: "I was hungry so I ordered a pizza".
jIghungpu'; vaj pItSa' vIvunpu'
jIghungpu'; meqvammo' pItSa' vIvunpu'.
chay' pIm cha' mu'tlheghvam ?</pre>
</blockquote><p class="">Before I get to the main point, your use of perfective here is
incorrect. <b class="">jIghungpu'</b> describes the completed state of you
being hungry. If your hunger were completed, you would not need to
order pizza, because you would no longer be hungry.</p><p class=""><b class="">jIghung; vaj pItSa' chab vIvunpu'.<br class="">
jIghungmo', pItSa' chab vIvunpu'.</b></p><p class="">These are the "standard" ways to say this. The use of <b class="">vaj</b>
came with the first edition of <i class="">The Klingon Dictionary;</i> the
<b class="">-mo'</b> verb suffix came with the second edition. (I've
sometimes wondered if there were no <b class="">-mo'</b> in the first
edition because you could do the same thing with <b class="">vaj.</b>)</p><p class=""><b class="">meqvammo'</b> does mean what you say it means, but it's not
some formulaic way that Klingons have to show cause and effect. I
think it's based on something you probably say habitually in Greek
or English.</p><p class="">The two sentences <b class="">vaj pItSa' chab vIvunpu'</b> and <b class="">meqvammo'
chab vIvunpu'</b> differ only in that one employs an adverbial
to show a logical link and one employs a subordinate clause.<br class="">
</p>
<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
SuStel
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://trimboli.name/">http://trimboli.name</a></pre>
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