<div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><br></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Mon, 18 Mar 2019 at 22:06, nIqolay Q <<a href="mailto:niqolay0@gmail.com">niqolay0@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Mon, Mar 18, 2019 at 1:24 PM Felix Malmenbeck <<a href="mailto:felixm@kth.se" target="_blank">felixm@kth.se</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">> The use of the suffix {-Ha'} does not imly that the situation or the<br>
> action was different before. It's just the opposite meaning.<br>
<br>
While there are some canonical examples that may suggest this to be the case (words like {jaQHa'} come to mind), the original description in TKD suggests that it requires either an undoing of a previous state/action, or that something is done wrongly:<br></blockquote><div><br></div><div><div style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Based on {jaQHa'}, {yItlhHa'}, and so on, I've suspected for a while that {-Ha'} has expanded to include the idea of "the exact opposite quality", at least in some cases. There's never been any confirmation one way or another, though, so I've been reluctant to use it that way. For now, I have it mentally filed away as an idiomatic usage of verb suffixes, like {HIvneS}. Or maybe it's an expansion of the "wrongly" meaning -- being lenient is definitely the wrong way to be strict. </div></div></div></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div>It seems to me that {-Ha'} acts differently depending on whether the verb is a verb of quality (a "to be" verb) or an action, and whether it is reversible or not (or to put it another way, whether the opposite state or action is considered to be related to the original verb by a reversal). </div><div><br></div><div>Here are examples of the four possible verb types:</div><div>{ghungHa'} "be unhungry" (be satiated, as being hungry is a state which can be undone or reversed)</div><div>{jaQHa'} "be shallow" (while the act of making something deep is reversible, being deep itself is not, so this is just the opposite state)</div></div><div>{jotlhHa'} "put back up" ({jotlh} is considered to have a reverse or opposite action)</div><div>{jatlhHa'} "misspeak" ({jatlh} is not reversible or has no opposite, so this has to be interpreted as "speak wrongly")</div><div><br></div><div>I think that {jotlhHa'} *cannot* be interpreted as "take down wrongly" and {jatlhHa'} *cannot* be understood as "un-speak". Of course, for some verbs, it may not be possible to tell based on the definition whether Klingons consider them to be reversible or not, like {'ey}.</div><div><br></div><div>Now someone will post canon counterexamples which prove my observation wrong.</div><div><br></div>-- <br><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature">De'vID</div></div>