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<div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 2/27/2019 11:33 AM, De'vID wrote:<br>
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<div>Every time aspect comes up in conversation about
Klingon, I try to think of examples in Cantonese
Chinese, which also has aspect. Cantonese actually has
a finer grained system of aspect than Klingon, so that
Klingon perfective might map onto the Cantonese
perfective (咗), completive (完), exhaustive (哂), or
experiential (過) aspects, depending on context.</div>
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<div>The completive indicates that the person performing
an action has done as much as they can or intend to
do, whether the task is actually done or not. (You
would negate this aspect if, for example, the person
was interrupted.) The exhaustive indicates that the
action has been performed to the point where it is
actually completely done and can no longer be
continued. The experiential indicates whether someone
has ever performed an action or not.</div>
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<div>The subtle differences between these aspect markers
allows conversations like the following:</div>
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<div>Parent: "Are you done [perfective] your homework?"</div>
<div>Child: "Yes, I'm done [completive] my homework."
(I've done as much as I am going to, and I don't feel
like doing any more.)</div>
<div>Parent: "But are you done [exhaustive] your
homework?" (You may not want to do any more, but is
there any homework left undone?)</div>
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<div>I thought about recreating this scenario in
Klingon, and I thought that the combination of {-chu'}
with {-pu'} might express something like the Cantonese
exhaustive.</div>
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<div>qup: {bIqeqpu''a'?}</div>
<div>puq: {HIja', jIqeqpu'.}</div>
<div>qup: {'ach bIqeqchu'pu''a'?}</div>
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<div>What do people think? Does that convey the meaning?
Technically it's asking if the training had been done
perfectly, but surely one's training can't be
perfectly completed unless it is completely completed.</div>
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<p>In the Cantonese Chinese version, the child is dodging the
question the parent meant to ask but didn't quite. In the Klingon
version, the child exactly answers the elder's question, so the
elder has only themselves to blame if they didn't get the answer
they wanted.</p>
<p>The elder asking with <b>-chu'</b> seems to be asking whether
the child practiced perfectly, not whether the practice was
totally completed. You seem to be trying to apply the <b>-chu' </b>to
the <b>-pu'</b> rather than to <b>qeq.</b> I'm not sure that
would be a natural interpretation. The child might respond to the
elder's second question, <b>jISovbe'; wa'leS qeqpu'ghachwIj patlh
muja' ghojmoHwI'wI'</b><i> I don't know; my teacher will tell me
my practice grade tomorrow.</i></p>
<p>You might be able to get this meaning with <b>rIntaH:</b></p>
<p><b>qup: bIqeq'a' rIntaH?<br>
puq: HIja', jIqeqpu'.<br>
qup: 'ach rIntaH'a'?</b></p>
<p>The absolute finality of <b>rIntaH</b> may connote that there's
no more to do. But this could only be used on something you
intentionally accomplished.<br>
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<div>I've always thought the exhaustive aspect to be
very useful, and wish we had it in Klingon.</div>
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<div>The experiential aspect indicates if something had
ever been done before. In English, it would be
expressed with the word "ever". For example, "Have you
visited [experiential] Qo'noS?" means "Have you ever
visited Qo'noS?" In contrast, "Have you visited
[perfective] Qo'noS?" would be asking if you've
completed one particular trip to Qo'noS, perhaps a
planned trip known to the asker. </div>
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<div>(Aside: Using the completive aspect here would
imply that the listener isn't going to be visiting
Qo'noS any more, perhaps because it's the last item on
their bucket list. Using the exhaustive aspect would
be asking if the listener has visited every part of
Qo'noS! That might not make sense for a planet, but
it's a sensible question to ask about a smaller
geographic area, like a neighbourhood or small
region.)</div>
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<div>In Klingon, {Qo'noS DaSuchpu''a'?} seems it could
be asking either the regular perfective or the
experiential meaning. Absent other context, I'd lean
towards interpreting this question with the
experiential meaning, but if the conversation is about
a planned trip, then I'd interpret it as the sense
expressed by the Cantonese perfective. However, I'm
uncertain how to clarify between these two
interpretations in Klingon. {wej Qo'noS DaSuch'a'?}
seems like it would be subject to the same
interpretations, with the added implication that you
should/will visit Qo'noS at some point. </div>
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<div>How would you differentiate "Have you ever visited
Qo'noS?" (experiential meaning) vs. "Have you made
your visit to Qo'noS?" (perfective meaning), in
Klingon? <br>
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<p>Experiential-ish: <b>pa'logh Qo'noS DaSuchpu''a'?<br>
</b>Restricted perfective-ish: <b>Qo'noS leng Danabpu'.
Data'pu''a'?</b><br>
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<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
SuStel
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://trimboli.name">http://trimboli.name</a></pre>
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