<html xmlns:v="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" xmlns:w="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word" xmlns:m="http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/2004/12/omml" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=us-ascii">
<meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 15 (filtered medium)">
<style><!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:Consolas;
panose-1:2 11 6 9 2 2 4 3 2 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:Pica;
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:blue;
text-decoration:underline;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:purple;
text-decoration:underline;}
p
{mso-style-priority:99;
mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0in;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:0in;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
color:black;}
pre
{mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-link:"HTML Preformatted Char";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";
color:black;}
span.HTMLPreformattedChar
{mso-style-name:"HTML Preformatted Char";
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-link:"HTML Preformatted";
font-family:Consolas;
color:black;}
span.EmailStyle20
{mso-style-type:personal-reply;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
color:#1F497D;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
font-size:10.0pt;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
--></style><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1026" />
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapelayout v:ext="edit">
<o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1" />
</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]-->
</head>
<body bgcolor="white" lang="EN-US" link="blue" vlink="purple">
<div class="WordSection1">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Courier New"">The “question word”<b> ‘ar</b> in canon:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Courier New""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b> nIn 'ar wIghaj</b> <br>
How much fuel do we have left?<b> </b>[TKD & CK]<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b> nIn 'ar ghaj</b> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"> How much fuel do we have (left)? [clipped] PK<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b> Huch 'ar DaneH?</b> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"> How much money do you want? TKD<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b> Haw'pu' yaS 'ar</b> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"> How many officers fled?<i> </i>
TKD<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b> Dochvetlh DIlmeH Huch 'ar DaneH</b> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"> How much do you want for that? TKD<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b> mughoS 'avwI' 'ar <o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"> How many guards are coming?<b>
</b>CK <span style="font-family:"Courier New""><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Courier New"">There is one example of
<b>‘ar</b> used by itself as a simple one-word question – not as the subject or object of a verb - in “<i>Conversational Klingon</i>” (in the section about going out shopping you’ve checked into your hotel):<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Courier New""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Courier New"">CK: "As accommodating as it is, you will not want to spend all of your time in your [hotel] room. You might want to get out and go shopping. As you look into various stores you will soon discover
that there is very little to buy except for food and weapons, and these for the most cannot be taken out of the Empire. If somehow you find something you are permitted to buy, such as food you can eat right away, you will need to know how to ask only one question:</span><span style="color:windowtext"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:windowtext"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:.3in"><span style="font-family:Pica">How much?<br>
<b> 'ar?</b></span><span style="color:windowtext"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.3in;line-height:12.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly">
<span style="font-family:Pica">One credit.<br>
<b> wa' DeQ. <o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.3in;line-height:12.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly">
<span style="font-family:Pica">Buy or die! <br>
<b> bIje'be'chugh vaj bIHegh.<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.3in;line-height:12.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly">
<span style="font-family:Pica">Pay now!<br>
<b> DaH yIDIl!<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.3in;text-indent:-.3in"><span style="font-family:Pica"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:.3in;text-indent:-.3in">
<span style="font-family:Pica">Adding the number suffix –<b>logh</b> changes things:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">(st.klingon 2/1999): <b>'arlogh</b> <i>how many times</i>? a word that functions adverbially, made up of the question word
<b>'ar</b> <i>how much</i>? <i>How many</i>? and the special number suffix -<b>logh</b>
<i>times</i> (as in <i>six times</i>)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:.5in">
<b>'arlogh Qoylu'pu' <br>
</b>How many times has (someone) heard (it)? <br>
How many times has it been heard?<br>
(<i>i.e</i>. What time is it?) [st.k 2/1999]<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:.5in">
<b>'arlogh wab Qoylu'pu'</b><br>
How many times has someone heard the sound? <br>
How many times has the sound been heard?<br>
(<i>i.e</i>. What time is it?) [st.k 2/1999]<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b>qen</b> <b>'arlogh Qoylu'pu'</b>?
<br>
Recently, how many times has someone heard it?<br>
(<i>i.e</i>. What time is it?) [st.k 2/1999]<span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Pica">But this <b>‘arlogh </b>is an adverbial-like time stamp, not a subject or object of a verb.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Pica"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Pica">If you want to ask “How tall are you all? or “How far is Kronos?” I suspect you have to specify the unit of measurement: <b>‘uj ‘ar bo’ab</b> or<b> qelI’qam ‘ar Hop Qo’noS.</b></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">--<br>
Voragh<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Ca'Non Master of the Klingons</span></i><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div>
<div style="border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:windowtext">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:windowtext"> SuStel<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">On 8/22/2018 9:37 AM, David Holt wrote:<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<blockquote style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">The Klingon dictionary is clear that numbers "may stand alone as subjects or objects or they may modify another noun." It is an easy logical leap to treat {'ar} in the same way,
but {'ar} is not a type of number and so that may not be allowed. TKD says only that {'ar} "follows the noun to which it refers." Does anyone know if any canon which uses {'ar} as a stand alone subject or object? What do you think of that use of it and particularly
if teaching that use of it?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</blockquote>
<p>The sentence that raised this question, by the way, is <b>'ar bo'ab,</b> meant to mean
<i>How tall are you?</i><o:p></o:p></p>
<p>I would point out that only <b>'Iv</b> and <b>nuq</b> (and, by extension of suffix,
<b>nuqDaq</b>) act like pronouns, substituting for the answer. <b>'ar </b>does not substitute itself for a number. This is clear not only because
<b>'ar</b> comes after the noun, not before, and constrains its use of a plural suffix, but because
<b>'ar</b> can be used on mass nouns where numbers cannot. You can ask <b>nIn 'ar wIghaj</b><i> How much fuel do we have?</i> but you cannot say
<b>vagh nIn wIghaj </b><i>We have five fuels.</i><o:p></o:p></p>
<pre>-- <o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>SuStel<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre><a href="http://trimboli.name">http://trimboli.name</a><o:p></o:p></pre>
</div>
</body>
</html>