<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"></head><body><div><br></div><div><p dir="ltr" style="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;" id="docs-internal-guid-5e9d86c8-9428-dc73-2aa0-5330d3de0be7"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Thank you all for you replies and feedback on adverbiality in the past few days.</span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">For the sentence “he fights bravely” I’ve listed all the possibilities based on your suggestions:</span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">He fights:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Suv</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">SuvtaHvIS</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">SuvDI’</span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Bravely:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">yoH</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">yoHwI’ ghaH</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">yoHwI’ Da</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">yoHwI’ rur</span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">This gives us 24 possible combinations that we can choose from depending on the actual nuance of meaning we are aiming for. I’m not going to do an in-depth analysis of each one - although that would be interesting.</span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Just a few notes:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">yoHwI’ rur : I think this one could be used if the apparent bravery is surprising, for instance a known coward is fighting in a brave manner, thus resembling a brave one.</span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">yoHwI’ Da: I’m interested in the <noun> + Da structure because it offers the potential to convey many additional layers of meaning, in just 2 words:</span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">loDvaD jatlh ghaH, vavHom Da : He spoke to the man in a fatherly tone (vavHom: could be “father figure”)</span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">loDvaD jatlh ghaH, vavHomqoq Dabej : He certainly spoke to the man in a paternalistic tone</span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Thus we have the possibility of using both noun and verb suffixes to refine the meaning in a very compact manner.</span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">It is even better with the {verb-wI’} + Da structure!</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Suv ghaH, SuvlaHqu’wI’na’ Dachu’ ghaH</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">He fought, acting perfectly as a true master of fighting</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">We can have {verb - vb suffixes - wI’}-(noun suffixes) + Da-(vb suffixes)</span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">It might be overkill, but an adjective and/or relative clause could also be added to the mix (‘ej DaH jIjatlhtaHvIS, Hol vutwI’ vImojlaw’. ;) )</span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Suv ghaH, Heghrupbogh SuvlaHqu’wI’na’ qan Daba’ ghaH</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">He fought, obviously acting as a true old master of fighting, ready to die</span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Perhaps all these possibilities are what mayqel was imagining earlier? :)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><br></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">ghItlhjaj </span></p></div><div><br></div><div id="composer_signature"><div style="font-size:85%;color:#575757" dir="auto">Envoyé depuis mon smartphone Samsung Galaxy.</div></div><div><br></div><div style="font-size:100%;color:#000000"><!-- originalMessage --><div>-------- Message d'origine --------</div><div>De : Felix Malmenbeck <felixm@kth.se> </div><div>Date : 10/02/2018 03:25 (GMT+01:00) </div><div>À : tlhingan-hol@kli.org </div><div>Objet : Re: [tlhIngan Hol] Adverbiality and the verb {Da} </div><div><br></div></div>
<p>[Sorry for the spam; accidentally sent this off prematurely.]</p>
<p> </p>
<p>It makes perfect sense to me, but to be on the safe side, you can use -DI' and -taHvIS to connect the sentences:</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<p>{SuvtaHvIS tlhInganpu' Da!} - "They fight like Klingons!"<br>
</p>
<p>{vaj HeghtaHvIS tlhInganpu' Dajaj!} - "Then they can die like Klingons!"<br>
</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<p>{bangwI'vaD jIjatlhtaHvIS jIbIt.} - "I spoke nervously to my beloved."</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<p>{jISupDI' jISoy'.} - "I jumped clumsily."<br>
</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<div dir="ltr" style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">
<div id="divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"></div>
<div>
<p>In paq'batlh, the author often uses {X-DI' Y} or {X-taHvIS Y} to express things like "They X:ed in a Y:ish way." where the English uses adverbs.</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<p>For example:</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<p>bIjatlhDI' bIval</p>
<p>"You speak wise words."</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;" id="docs-internal-guid-7a119dc0-7d82-062f-a763-5501636ba6fd">ghoStaHvIS
tam ‘ej So’</span><br>
</p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;" id="docs-internal-guid-7a119dc0-7d81-70ab-b4d6-6a1427f7df71">"They
sneak and they creep"</span></p>
<p><br>
</p>
<p><span id="docs-internal-guid-7a119dc0-7d7b-38d1-425f-7c34aa8ec151" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Arial; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; font-weight:400; font-style:normal; font-variant:normal; text-decoration:none; vertical-align:baseline; white-space:pre; white-space:pre-wrap">qachvam
vIcheghDI’ charghwI’ jIH<br>
</span></p>
<p><span id="docs-internal-guid-7a119dc0-7d7b-38d1-425f-7c34aa8ec151" style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Arial; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; font-weight:400; font-style:normal; font-variant:normal; text-decoration:none; vertical-align:baseline; white-space:pre; white-space:pre-wrap">"I
will return to this house victorious"</span><br>
</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Arial; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; font-weight:400; font-style:normal; font-variant:normal; text-decoration:none; vertical-align:baseline; white-space:pre; white-space:pre-wrap">jInaS jImupDI’
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Arial; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; font-weight:400; font-style:normal; font-variant:normal; text-decoration:none; vertical-align:baseline; white-space:pre; white-space:pre-wrap">I don't have the English
translation handy, but it was something like "I will strike viciously."<br>
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Arial; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; font-weight:400; font-style:normal; font-variant:normal; text-decoration:none; vertical-align:baseline; white-space:pre; white-space:pre-wrap"><br>
</span></p>
<span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">che'taHvIS val qeylIS 'ej yoH</span>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">
</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">Qapqa' tlhIngan tuqmey</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">
</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">'ej yaymey Dun chav</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;" id="docs-internal-guid-7a119dc0-7d80-9427-2e9a-f167a8166597">
<span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">"The Klingon tribes flourished
once more,</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">
</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">And many great victories
were made</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">
</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">During Kahless's reign
of wisdom and bravery."</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Arial; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; font-weight:400; font-style:normal; font-variant:normal; text-decoration:none; vertical-align:baseline; white-space:pre; white-space:pre-wrap"><br>
</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Arial; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; font-weight:400; font-style:normal; font-variant:normal; text-decoration:none; vertical-align:baseline; white-space:pre; white-space:pre-wrap"><br>
</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;" id="docs-internal-guid-7a119dc0-7d7d-7442-1119-0558488c70ba">
<span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">ta'meyDaj boqawDI' SuHemjaj</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">
</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">mu'meyDaj bojatlhDI' Suvaljaj<br>
</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;" id="docs-internal-guid-7a119dc0-7d7d-c441-c632-fce2ece54d04">
<span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">"May you remember his deeds with
pride,</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">
</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;">May you recite his words
with wisdom,"</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;"><br>
</span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><br>
<span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;"></span></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;"></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Arial; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; font-weight:400; font-style:normal; font-variant:normal; text-decoration:none; vertical-align:baseline; white-space:pre; white-space:pre-wrap"></span><br>
</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<div style="color:rgb(33,33,33)">
<hr tabindex="-1" style="display:inline-block; width:98%">
<div id="divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font style="font-size:11pt" face="Calibri, sans-serif" color="#000000"><b>From:</b> tlhIngan-Hol <tlhingan-hol-bounces@lists.kli.org> on behalf of Steven Boozer <sboozer@uchicago.edu><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Friday, February 9, 2018 19:26<br>
<b>To:</b> tlhingan-hol@kli.org<br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [tlhIngan Hol] Adverbiality and the verb {Da}</font>
<div> </div>
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<p class="MsoNormal">FYI,<b> Da </b><i>behave as, act in the manner of</i> in canon:<b></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b> </b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b> nepwI' Daba'</b> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> He is obviously lying. TKD</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b> SuvwI' DameH puqloDwI' vIghojHa'moH DaH 'e' vItlhoj</b>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> I see now, I have failed to raise my son a man. PB <br>
<br>
<span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:#1F497D"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b> yejquv DevwI' moj ghawran 'e' wuqta' cho' 'oDwI' Dapu'bogh<br>
janluq pIqarD HoD</b>. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> Gowron... named leader of the High Council by Captain Jean-Luc Picard,<br>
who was acting as Arbiter of Succession. S25<br>
<br>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:#1F497D">Note that the above have a noun as the object of
<b>Da</b>. The second example with the –<b>meH</b> purpose clause is similar to what you want. A –<b>bogh</b> relative clause is another way to add an adverbial-like phrase.
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:#1F497D"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:#1F497D">Here are the other two examples I know for the sake of thoroughness:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b> </b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b> jIlay'ta' 'ej batlh jIpabta' vaj choDanIS </b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> I have kept my word of honor, and so should you PB<br>
<br>
<b></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b> HaDlu'meH</b>,<b> QuSlu'meH</b>,<b> SuDlu'meH lojmIt Da logh Hop Hut</b>
<b>tengchaH</b>.<br>
<b>vaj loghDaq lenglaHtaH Humanpu' <br>
</b>space station <i>Deep Space Nine</i> is the gateway for the exploration, intrigue and<br>
enterprise that mark the continuation of the human adventure into space... S99</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><br>
<span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:#1F497D">--<br>
Voragh<br>
<i>Ca'Non Master of the Klingons</i></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:#1F497D"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:#1F497D"> </span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> demonchaux.aurelie<br>
<br>
</span></p>
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<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">- A adverb, by definition, is used to specify the manner in which an action is carried out<br>
- The Klingon verb {Da} means "behave as, act in the manner of"<br>
<br>
Taking this into account, wouldn't it make sense to use <noun + Da> to convey the same meaning as an adverb?<br>
<br>
For instance:<br>
He fought bravely: Suv ghaH, yoHwI' Da<br>
He spoke calmy: jatlh ghaH, jotwI' Da<br>
He shouted angrily: jach ghaH, QeHwI' Da<br>
<br>
What do you think?<br>
<br>
ghItlhjaj </p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
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