<div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_extra"><div class="gmail_quote">On Thu, Oct 5, 2017 at 9:35 AM, SuStel <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:sustel@trimboli.name" target="_blank">sustel@trimboli.name</a>></span> wrote:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div bgcolor="#FFFFFF">
<p>And I wholeheartedly endorse the idea of asking him for further
clarification of <b>-vaD</b> and the prefix trick; I'm not saying
there's nothing to learn here. I don't <i>know</i> that you can't
say <b>muqab</b> instead of <b>jIHvaD qab;</b><br></p></div></blockquote><div bgcolor="#FFFFFF">Are you arguing just against the use of the prefix trick with stative verbs and the idea that <b>-vaD</b> counts as an indirect object with such verbs? Or do you disagree that any of my three examples have indirect objects that can be used with the prefix trick, including the idea of "I do something for you" and that thing you do when using <b>-moH</b> on transitive verbs?<span class="gmail-"></span></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div bgcolor="#FFFFFF"><p>Well, English
treats targets of speeches or visions as if they had been handed a
package. Whether Klingon does the same is a fair question, which
this example might be confirmation of.</p></div></blockquote><div>The article on the prefix trick already describes the target of speeches as an indirect object (which, in your terminology, is analogous to being handed a package): <br></div><div><br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div><i>The indirect object of jatlh, when expressed, is the hearer/listener. Thus:<br>[...]<br>qama'pu'vaD SoQ Dajatlh "you make a speech to the prisoners" (qama'pu'vaD "for the prisoners," SoQ "speech, lecture, address," Dajatlh "you speak it")</i></div></blockquote><div> </div><div><a href="http://klingonska.org/canon/1997-06-29b-news.txt">http://klingonska.org/canon/1997-06-29b-news.txt</a></div><div><a href="http://klingonska.org/canon/1997-06-29b-news.txt"></a></div><div></div><div></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div bgcolor="#FFFFFF">
<p>I think you're getting confused by the English translations. It
doesn't matter whether something is translated with <i>to</i> or
<i>for;</i> it's the concept that counts. Is there an inherent
difference in concept between the <b>-vaD</b> in <b>Qu'vaD lI'
De'vam</b> and <b>yaSvaD taj nobpu' qama'</b>? I think there
is, and the concept exists in linguistic studies, and Okrand went
out of his way to introduce the difference in the addendum. </p></div></blockquote><div>They are different concepts (the nature of the benefit is more abstract and potential in the case of <b>Qu'vaD lI'
De'vam</b>, for instance), but I don't think the concepts are so different that they can't be included under the same usage of <b>-vaD</b>. The mission benefits (or will benefit) in some way from the usefulness of this information, and the officer benefits in some way from the prisoner giving a knife. Context, like the use of the verb <b>nob</b>, suggests that in the latter case the likely benefit is that the officer physically receives a knife.<br></div><div><br></div><div></div><div>When Okrand said "the indirect object can be considered the beneficiary", I don't think his phrasing was intended to highlight a linguistic distinction. Rather, I think he was trying to explain the idea to an audience with a casual knowledge of grammar by highlighting an alternate way to think about the term "indirect object". In other words, I think it was more like "So, you've heard of indirect objects, but are wondering how to express that idea in Klingon? If you think about it, indirect objects are benefiting from the verb. So you can use the suffix I described earlier for marking a beneficiary to express the same basic idea." It's like if he talked about using <b>tlhej</b> for "with" by saying "the object of 'with' can be considered the accompanier".</div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div bgcolor="#FFFFFF">
<p><b>yaSvaD taj nobpu' qama'</b> can theoretically mean either (a)
the prisoner handed the officer a knife, or (b) the prisoner
handed <i>someone else</i> a knife for the officer's sake. These
are different concepts. This is the difference I am pointing to.
You're most likely to interpret it as (a) an indirect object, but
given the right context you could interpret it as (b) a
benefactive.<span class="gmail-HOEnZb"></span></p></div></blockquote><div>That's true that it's potentially ambiguous, but again, I don't think there's a reason to necessarily assume that those different usages interact with grammar rules in a different way. (Specifically, the grammar rules describing when one can perform the prefix trick.) <br></div><div><br></div><div>For instance, TKD says that <b>-Daq</b> can often be translated using "to, in, at, on". These are linguistically different concepts, and there are languages like Finnish that distinguish between those various meanings, with various locative cases like the adessive ("on") and inessive ("in") and illative ("into") and all the rest. And Klingon does use the pronomial prefixes to distinguish between "motion to an area" and "doing something at an area". But Klingon doesn't grammatically distinguish between "on the table" and "in the table". If I have a table with a drawer in it, <b>raSDaq jInejpu' </b><i>"I have looked (for something) in/on the table"</i> is potentially ambiguous in a way that can be linguistically relevant (adessive vs. inessive) but not grammatically relevant. The same suffixes and prefixes are used with both meanings. Only additional words (or familiarity with my tables) can clear up the ambiguity. <br></div><div><br></div><div>Likewise, with <b>-vaD</b>, there is a linguistic distinction that can be made between "the officer benefits in a sort of vague way from the prisoner giving the knife" and "the officer actually receives a knife from the prisoner giving it". But I don't think we can say yet that this is a grammatical distinction in Klingon. Okrand doesn't often talk about or use the prefix trick, which is the one known element of Klingon grammar where the distinction might matter. And I think his use of the term "indirect object" mostly just represents a change in how he describes the <b>-vaD</b> suffix, rather than making a distinction from the original description as a beneficiary marker.<br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div></div><br></div></div>