<div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"times new roman",serif">HIja’ ! SoQvetlh jatlhpu’ Qel
wa’DIch </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;line-height:107%;font-family:wingdings">J</span><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;line-height:107%;font-family:wingdings"><br></span></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;line-height:107%;font-family:wingdings"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"times new roman",serif">DaH mu’meyvam noy vImugh – bIH Daqaw’a’
?</span><br></span></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;line-height:107%;font-family:wingdings"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"times new roman",serif"><br></span></span></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;line-height:107%;font-family:wingdings"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"times new roman",serif">< </span></span><span style="font-family:"times new roman",serif;font-size:11pt">Doy’law’ ghaH ’e’ DaQubbe’’a’ ? ></span></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"times new roman",serif;font-size:11pt"><br></span></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"times new roman",serif;font-size:11pt"> </span></div></div><div class="gmail_extra"><br><div class="gmail_quote">2017-02-13 22:51 GMT+01:00 SuStel <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:sustel@trimboli.name" target="_blank">sustel@trimboli.name</a>></span>:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
<div bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000">
<div class="m_-1327871990131615102moz-cite-prefix">
<p>majQa'! SoQvetlh vIqawbe'pu' vaj vIQulnIS. toH, jatlhpu' <i>bIQtIq
bom</i> (heh heh).</p>
<p>DaH jImughqa' jIH'e'. <i>Qel 'Iv</i> ngo' DaSov'a'?<br>
</p>
<blockquote>
<p>wa' jaj jIchegh. jIcheghbej. jIcheghpa' yIpayQo'; yISaQQo';
yIbIt'eghmoHQo'. yIvoqchu' neH bIruchtaHvIS 'ej jIvoqHa'be' je
jIHvaD 'e' yItob.<br>
</p>
</blockquote><div><div class="h5">
<br>
On 2/13/2017 4:21 PM, Aurélie Demonchaux wrote:<br>
</div></div></div><div><div class="h5">
<blockquote type="cite">
<div dir="ltr">
<div class="gmail_default"><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:107%" lang="EN-US"><font face="times new roman, serif">Sustel: </font></span></div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US"><i>Doctor Who</i>
mughta’ghachlIj vIlaD ’e’ vItIv
</span><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:107%;font-family:wingdings" lang="EN-US">J</span><br>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:107%;font-family:wingdings" lang="EN-US"><br>
</span></div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:107%;font-family:wingdings" lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">DaH Doctor Who ’ay’
vImugh ’e’ vInIDnIS je!</span><br>
</span></div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:107%;font-family:wingdings" lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US"><br>
</span></span></div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:107%;font-family:wingdings" lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">< Hegh Hoch ’e’
Sov Hoch. ’ach Hoch jaj
qaSbe’. jajvam qaSbe’. le’ ’op jaj. le’qu’ ’op jaj.
’op jaj Hegh pagh nuv. rut,
wa’logh qaStaHvIS poH nI’qu’, wa’ jaj qaStaHvIS wa’
’uy’ jajmey, DoqtaHvIS
bIQtIq bIQ ’ej rItlu’DI’ ghoS Qel, taH Hoch. ></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><br>
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> jIQaghpu'chugh
jIHvaD yIja'.<span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><br>
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">qatlho' !</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><br>
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">~mughwI'</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><br>
</p>
</span></span></div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br>
</div>
<div class="gmail_extra"><br>
<div class="gmail_quote">2017-02-12 18:20 GMT+01:00 SuStel <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:sustel@trimboli.name" target="_blank">sustel@trimboli.name</a>></span>:<br>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
<div bgcolor="#FFFFFF">
<div class="m_-1327871990131615102gmail-m_8990357687230089476moz-cite-prefix">
<p>jum. choQoylaHchugh jIratlhlaH 'e' vIQub. mIw
vISovbe'. jIDogh. bIDogh, Qel qan. bIvemDI' SoS vav
je Daghaj 'ej choqawbe'. toH, loQ choqaw. nachlIj
Dabbogh lut jIH. lu'. tagha' lut 'oH Hoch'e'. lut
yIQaQmoH. nIvmo', nIvbejmo': 'IDnar 'aplo' nIHta'
maw'bogh loD qan 'ej Haw'ta'. vInIHta' 'e' qaja'?
toH, vIngIpta'; reH vIcheghmoH 'e' vIHech. 'o
'aplo'vetlh, <i>Amy,</i> 'aplo'vetlh Daghom
bInajtaHvIS. not Dumej. quq ngoDmeyvam: tIn 'ej
mach, chu'chu' 'ej qanqu'; 'ej SuDchu'ghachDaj SuD
law' Hoch SuD puS. 'ej Doch DIta'bogh, qar'a'? Doch
lujallu'bogh. Doch DIta'be'bogh. bInajtaHvIS ratlh
Dochmeyvam. Qel <i>Amy Pond</i> je... qaSbe'bogh
jajmey je.</p>
<p>SoQchoH Qarghmey. 'ach SoQlaHbe'chu' latlh Dop
vIghoSpa'. DaH naDev jInov. ratlhbogh qaSHa'ghach
vIbuSQo'. qaSqa'ghach vImuS. yIyInchu'. <i>Rory</i>
yImuSHa'. <i>Bye-bye, Pond.</i><br>
</p>
<div>
<div class="m_-1327871990131615102gmail-h5"> <br>
On 2/12/2017 10:27 AM, Aurélie Demonchaux wrote:<br>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div class="m_-1327871990131615102gmail-h5">
<blockquote type="cite">
<div dir="ltr">
<div style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Thanks
for your help and explanations Sustel !</div>
<div style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br>
</div>
<div style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">I
think I get it now :)</div>
<div style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br>
</div>
<div style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">~mughwI'</div>
<div style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br>
</div>
<div><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">PS:
"TARDIS-blue", I love your choice of example
;) </span><font face="times new roman,
serif">Whovian jIH</font><font face="arial,
helvetica, sans-serif"> !</font></div>
<div style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br>
</div>
</div>
<div class="gmail_extra"><br>
<div class="gmail_quote">2017-02-11 18:16
GMT+01:00 SuStel <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:sustel@trimboli.name" target="_blank">sustel@trimboli.name</a>></span>:<br>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
<div bgcolor="#FFFFFF"><span>
<div class="m_-1327871990131615102gmail-m_8990357687230089476m_1027761195527772997moz-cite-prefix">On
2/11/2017 8:34 AM, Aurélie Demonchaux
wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite">
<div style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Indeed
the lack of tense can be a bit
confusing sometimes and it's taking
me a bit of time getting used to.</div>
<div style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br>
</div>
<div style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">I'm
still working to figure out also how
it works with the verb suffixes.</div>
<div style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br>
</div>
<div style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">For
example, in the 4 possible sentences
below, do I get the exact nuances
right?</div>
<div style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br>
</div>
<div><font face="times new roman,
serif">jIvutpu’ ’e’ vIparHa’ </font></div>
<div style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">-
I like that I cooked (at some point
in the past)</div>
<div style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">-
I like that I have cooked (just now)</div>
<div style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">-
I like finishing to cook (maybe
implying that this is when I can
finally eat ;)</div>
</blockquote>
<br>
</span>
<p>"At some point in the past" implies
past tense, which we know Klingon
doesn't have. Instead, the <b>-pu'</b>
tells us that "I cook" is a completed
action. In English we can't separate
tense and aspect, so the distinction is
difficult for English-speakers to grasp.</p>
<p><b>jIvutpu'<br>
</b><i>I cooked; I have cooked; I will
have cooked<br>
</i>I perform, performed, or will
perform an act of cooking, and I now,
did, or will complete that act.</p>
<p>The single word in no way tells you
whether the action is past, present, or
future. It means all of them and none of
them at the same time, the same way that
<i>blue</i> means sky-blue and navy-blue
and TARDIS-blue all at the same time.<br>
</p>
<p><b>wa'Hu' jIvutpu'<br>
</b><i>yesterday I cooked; yesterday I
had cooked</i></p>
<p><b>DaH jIvutpu'<br>
</b><i>right now I have cooked</i></p>
<p><b>wa'leS jIvutpu'<br>
</b><i>tomorrow I will have cooked</i></p>
<p>Contexts like these are required to
determine <i>when</i> the cooking
happened.</p>
<p>If you don't use an aspect suffix, you
are explicitly talking about an action
that is not completed (or continuous) in
the moment your are describing.</p>
<p><b>jIvut<br>
</b><i>I cook; </i><i>It's true that I
cook things</i></p>
<p>This also does not specify <i>when</i>
an action happened, which requires
context:</p>
<p><b>wa'Hu' jIvut<br>
</b><i>I cooked yesterday; it's true
that I engaged in cooking yesterday</i></p>
<p><b>DaH jIvut<br>
</b><i>I cook now; at other times I may
not have cooked, but it's true that I
cook now</i></p>
<p><b>wa'leS jIvut<br>
</b><i>I will cook tomorrow; tomorrow
I'll do some cooking</i></p>
<p>You can make a similar comparison with
the continuous suffixes.<span class="m_-1327871990131615102gmail-m_8990357687230089476HOEnZb"></span>
</p>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</blockquote>
<br>
<p><br>
</p>
<pre class="m_-1327871990131615102moz-signature" cols="72">--
SuStel
<a class="m_-1327871990131615102moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://trimboli.name" target="_blank">http://trimboli.name</a></pre>
</div></div></div>
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