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<div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 12/1/2016 11:36 AM, Anthony
Appleyard wrote:<br>
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<blockquote
cite="mid:21770371.40438.1480610186400.JavaMail.defaultUser@defaultHost"
type="cite">
<pre wrap="">What is the Klingon for "each" as distinct from "all" or "every" and such? I get the impression that English "each" is a singular which is to be taken as meaning one, then another, then another, and so on, of a stated group, like a computer language statement that means "for j = 1, 2, 3, etc, to n repeat/iterate the following statements".
"Tthe men had a phaser" could mean that the whole group had one phaser between them.
"The men had phasers" could mean that some of thee group had phasers.
"Each man in the group had a phaser" would mean and be shorthand for:"John had a phaser; Peter had a phaser; Baz had a phaser; Steve had a phaser; ....etc...." iterated across the whole group.</pre>
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<p>You can add the word <b>Hoch</b> before a noun to mean either
"each <i>noun</i>" or "all ," depending on whether the noun has a
plural suffix on it.</p>
<p><b>Hoch loD<br>
</b><i>each man (taken individually)</i></p>
<p><b>Hoch loDpu'<br>
</b><i>all men (taken as a group)</i></p>
<p>So we can say:</p>
<p><b>wa' pu'HIch ghaj Hoch loD<br>
</b><i>each man has one phaser</i></p>
<p><b>wa' pu'HIch ghaj Hoch loDpu'<br>
</b><i>(the group of) all the men have one phaser</i></p>
<p>But the Klingon allows for the same ambiguity that English does:</p>
<p><b>pu'HIch ghaj Hoch loD<br>
</b><i>each man has a phaser/phasers</i></p>
<p><b>pu'HIch ghaj Hoch loDpu'<br>
</b><i>(the group of) all the men have a phaser/phasers</i> (Does
each have his own phaser? Do only some of the men have phasers? Do
some men have more phasers than others? The sentence doesn't say.)<br>
</p>
<p>We also have the word <b>ngIq</b><i> singular one, individual
one,</i> which is used to refer to a group in which each member
is acted on sequentially.</p>
<p><b>ngIq nuv luHoH<br>
</b><i>they kill the warriors one by one</i><br>
</p>
<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
SuStel
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://trimboli.name">http://trimboli.name</a></pre>
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